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IV Infusion
Rate=volume / time(hr) = ml/hr
Rate = volume(ml/hr)xdropfactor / time
in minute(60min)= drop/min
Complications of IV infusion
may arise in the vein as a result of the cannulation procedure, the 4 main groups of complication are
hematoma: a collection of blood. Can result from failure to puncture the vein when the cannula is inserted or when the cannula is removed. Selection of an appropriate vein and gently applying pressure slightly above the insertion point as you remove the cannula may prevent this
infiltration: when infusate enters the subcutaneous tissue instead of the vein. To prevent this a cannula with accurate trim distances may be used . It is essential to fix the cannula in place firmly
embolism: this can be caused by air, a thrombus, or fragment of a catheter breaking off and entering the venous system. Such things can go on to lodge in an artery, blocking circulation to the corresponding area. To avoid air embolus, make sure that there is no air in the system. To avoid a thromboembolism use a smaller cannula. Avoid the catheter breaking by never reinserting the needle
phlebitis: an inflammation of the vein resulting from mechanical or chemical irritation or from an infection. Phlebitis can be avoided by carefully choosing the site for cannulation
and by checking the type of infusate you use


Intravenous cannula

cannula
A intravenous cannula (pl. cannulae) is a flexible tube which when inserted into the body is used either to withdraw fluid or insert medication. Cannulae normally come with a trocar (a sharp pointed needle) attached which allows puncture of the body to get into the intended space.

how to
To start an IV, first prepare all of your equipment. This will include an IV bag, with connecting tubing, with all the air flushed out of the tubing.
Place a tourniquet around the arm. This should be tight enough to block venous blood flow back to the heart, but not so tight that it obstructs arterial flow.
Wait long enough for the veins in the hands and arm to fill and become tight. In a normal person, this may take 2-5 minutes. In a dehydrated person or someone in shock, it may take longer.
Cleanse the skin of the injection site with alcohol (preferably). If alcohol is not available, use any antiseptic or skin cleaner. Using any cleaning agent (even water) is better than using nothing at all.
Use your left thumb to hold the vein in place while you insert the IV needle at a shallow angle (about a 20 degree angle) through the skin and into the vein.
As you enter the vein, you will feel a slight "pop." You will know you are in the vein when you see blood returning in the "flash back" chamber.
Keep the needle in place with one hand while you push the catheter (which surrounds the needle) further into the vein. This will thread it upstream, securing it into the vein.
Once the catheter is completely inserted, hold it in place with one hand while you release the tourniquet and pull the needle straight out with the other hand. Pressing down over the skin where the catheter tip is located will prevent blood from flowing back out the IV catheter before you have a chance to connect the IV tubing.
Connect the IV tubing and run in the IV fluids briskly, at first. Then slow it down to a steady drip, drip, drip. If the fluid does not flow freely at the beginning, check the IV tubing to see if there are any valves or other obstruction to flow. If the tubing is wide open, but the IV is dripping only very slowly, you are probably not in the vein. Try again.
Put a small amount of Bacitracin or other antibiotic ointment on the IV site, put a bandaid over it, and then tape the tubing in place.























IV needles
Guage...> Indicaton....> Colour
g18...> Blood transfusion....> green
g20....> OB / labor....> pink
g22....> medication...> blue
g24....> infant / child
g26....> neonate



CANNULA