. 1844 29 1936.
(: Trkiye) (: Trkiye Cumhuriyeti) . .[4][5] .
ɡ ɡ . ɡ ( ). 2005 1963 1995 . ء ǡ ɡ . . ɡ . - - . 1922 1923 .
( [ʔistˤɑmbu:l] : İstanbul : [isˈtambul]) [2] 13.4 .[3] " " . 39 .[4] " " (: Hali Altın Boynuz) . "" "" .
(330395) ( 395 1204 1261 1453) (1204-1261) (14531922).[5] ɡ ɡ 1517 1924.[6]
2010 ߡ 1985 .[7]
"" (: Βυζάντιον : BYZANTIVM) . ɡ 660 .[8] "" "" (: Βύζαντς) .[9][10] " " " " (193-211) "" "".[11]
" " 11 330 . : " " (: ἡ Νέα, δευτέρα Ῥώμη)[ 2] " " (: Ἄλμα Ῥώμα) " " (: ἑῴα Ῥώμη) " ".[12] " " ȡ ǡ "". " " .[13]
ɡ "" (: Κωνσταντινούπολις) " ".[14] " " (: Nea Roma) .[15] ""
.
"" 1203.
1453 "" " " " ".[16] : " " ( : ) " " ( : ) " " ( : ی) " " ( : ی) "" ( : ) ɻ .[17] . "" "" . "" ǡ " "[18] (: Beyoğlu). 28 1930 ɡ [19] "" .[20][21]
"" "" (: εἰς τὴν Πόλιν) "" (: εἰς τὰν Πόλιν) ɡ " " " ".[14][19] ɡ "İstanbul" İ ɡ I . ǡ " " 7 .[22]
ɡ " ǁ" (: Yenikapı). .[24] ɡ .[25]
ϡ : "" "" " " (: Sarayburnu) .[26] "" ɡ .[27] "" 685 . .[28]
660 . "" . " " "" "" .[9] " " 196 " " ϡ . " " ޡ " " .[29]
324 ɺ ɡ "ڤ " 18 324 " " "" (: Νικομήδεια) "" ǡ .[30] ʡ 330 ɡ "" " ". " " 395 . ߡ ɡ . ɡ .[31] ɡ "" .[32]
ɡ .[33] 674 678 " " . 717 718 " " " " 12 ǡ ǡ[34] ǡ . " " .[35]
1204 ɡ ǡ[36] . ɡ ʡ 1261 " ".
. ء .[37] ѡ . ɡ ǡ 1326 1337 1354 1362.
.[38]
ɡ " ".
29 1453 " " " " 53 ǡ " " .[16] ɡ "".[16] .[39][40]
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50 14 1509 45 .[43] " " (: Kk Kıyamet). 1510 " " 80,000 .
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1890.
1894 . 1914 ѡ ɡ " " .[46]
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.
ϡ . 1,830.93 (707 ) 6,220 (2,402 ).
.
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ɡ . 72% .[57][58] 843.9 (33 )[59] 152 .[58] ǡ ɡ .
ɡ . 360 1453 1204 1261 . 29 1453 1934 .[87]
1609 1616 " ". . . 500 ɡ 1953 1976.[88]
ڡ " " (14791425 .). " " 357 20 . 390 " " (378-392) .[89]
" " " " . 1597 "" " " " " ѡ " " 1599. .
400 ɡ[90] 1465 1856. 1459 . ͡ ɡ .[90] 1985 .[91]
ɡ[92] " " 1948. .
. ɡ " " . . 1949 .[93]
. 1,510 (4,954 ) 39 (128 ). 1,074 (3,524 ) 105 (344 ) 64 (210 ). 1973 . .
ɡ 1856 1922 1889 1909 . " " " " " " " " " ". 5 ɡ 35 .[94]
. 1348 . 66.90 62.59 51.65 . ʡ . 16.45 ɡ 8.95 3.75 .
" " 1854 1856. " " " " . .
" " 1451 1452 . : " " ɡ " " " " .
. 1,510 ѡ 39 . 1,090 ǡ 105 . 64 . 1988 .
ѡ " " . .
. 921 ǡ 50 .[95]
" " (18301876) . 1861 1865 " ".[96]
1880 " " . . ̡[97][98] " " (1603-1617) .
" " [99] " ".[100] ɡ .[101]
: (1) ɡ 5 ʡ (2) (3) . 3 : (1) ʡ (2) ɡ (3) . .
͡ 17 1953 26 1960 " ".[102]
.
39 ɡ . 2009 (TÜİK) ɡ 12,915,158 ɡ 12.78296 132.198 .[103] 2007 11,372,613 .[104]
ǡ "" " "
1
=
0.470378 ﺩﻭﻻﺭ
1 = 0.5667
1 = 1.7646
* * *