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* Use "some" in positive sentences. We use some for both countable and uncountable nouns.
Example: I have some friends.
* Use "any" in negative sentences or questions. We use any for both countable and uncountable nouns.
Example: Do you have any cheese? - He doesn't have any friends in Chicago.
* Use "some" in questions when offering or requesting something that is there.
Example: Would you like some bread? (offer) - Could I have some water? (request)
* Use "any" in negative sentences or questions. We use any for both countable and uncountable nouns.
Example: Do you have any cheese? - He doesn't have any friends in Chicago.
* Use "some" words - somebody, someone, somewhere and something - in positive sentences.
Example: He lives somewhere near here.
* Use "any" words - anybody, anyone, anywhere and anything - in negative sentences or questions.
Example: Do you know anything about that boy? - She doesn't have anywhere to go.
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ÇáÏÑÓ ÇáËÇäí
N
Use 'in' with spaces:
* in a room / in a building
* in a garden / in a park
Use 'in' with bodies of water:
* in the water
* in the sea
* in a river
Use 'in' with lines:
* in a row / in a line
* in a queue
AT
Use 'at' with places:
* at the bus-stop
* at the door
* at the cinema
* at the end of the street
ON
Use 'on' with surfaces:
* on the ceiling / on the wall / on the floor
* on the table
Use 'on' with small islands:
* I stayed on Maui.
Use 'on' with directions:
* on the left
* on the right
* straight on
TO
Use 'to' with movement from one place to another:
* I went to school.
* Did you go to work?
* Let's go to the shopping mall.
DO NOT Use 'to' with 'home'
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ÇáÏÑÓ ÇáËÇáË
* a = indefinite article (not a specific object, one of a number of the same objects) with consonants
She has a dog.
I work in a factory.
* an = indefinite article (not a specific object, one of a number of the same objects) with vowels (a,e,i,o,u)
Can I have an apple?
She is an English teacher.
* the = definite article (a specific object that both the person speaking and the listener know)
The car over there is fast.
The teacher is very good, isn't he?
* The first time you speak of something use "a or an", the next time you repeat that object use "the".
I live in a house. The house is quite old and has four bedrooms.
I ate in a Chinese restaurant. The restaurant was very good.
* DO NOT use an article with countries, states, counties or provinces, lakes and mountains except when the country is a collection of states such as "The United States".
He lives in Washington near Mount Rainier.
They live in northern British Columbia.
* Use an article with bodies of water, oceans and seas -
My country borders on the Pacific Ocean
* DO NOT use an article when you are speaking about things in general
I like Russian tea.
She likes reading books.
* DO NOT use an article when you are speaking about meals, places, and transport
He has breakfast at home.
I go to university.
He comes to work by taxi.
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ÇáÏÑÓ ÇáÑÇÈÚ
'Like' can be used as a verb or as a preposition. There are a number of common questions with 'like' that are easy to confuse.
* What's he like? - 'What … like?' is used to ask about a person's or object's character and is general in nature.
* What does he like? - This use of the verb 'like' is for general preferences. 'Like' as a verb is generally followed by the 'ing' form of the verb (I like playing tennis).
* What does she look like? - 'Like' is used as a preposition to express physical appearance. In this case, 'like' can also mean 'similar to' if you are making a comparison to other people.
* What would you like to drink? - Another common use of 'like' is in 'would like' to express wishes. Note that 'would like' is followed by the infinite form of the verb NOT the '-ing' form.
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ÇáÏÑÓ ÇáÎÇãÓ
The past form of regular verbs ends in 'ed'. Irregular verbs must be studied individually. Here is a list of past forms of some of the most common irregular verbs.
be - was/were
become - became
begin - began
break - broke
bring - brought
build - built
buy - bought
come - came
cost - cost
cut - cut
do - did
drink - drank
eat - ate
find - found
fly - flew
get - got
give - gave
go - went
have - had
keep - kept
know - knew
leave - left
make - made
meet - met
pay - paid
put - put
read - read
say - said
see - saw
sell - sold
send - sent
speak - spoke
spend - spent
take - took
teach - taught
tell - told
think - thought
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ÇáÏÑÓ ÇáÓÇÏÓ
There are four types of pronouns: Subject Pronouns, Object Pronouns, Possessive Pronouns and Demonstrative Pronouns. Here is a list and explanation showing the different types of pronouns:
* Subject Pronouns - I, you, he, she, it, we, you, they function as the subject of a sentence:
I live in New York.
Do you like playing tennis?
He doesn't want to come this evening.
She works in London.
It won't be easy.
We are studying pronouns at the moment.
You went to Paris last year, didn't you?
They bought a new car last month.
* Object Pronouns - me, you, him, her, it, us, you, them serve as the object of a verb.
Give me the book.
He told you to come tonight.
She asked him to help.
They visited her when they came to New York.
She bought it at the store.
He picked us up at the airport.
The teacher asked you to finish your homework.
I invited them to a party.
* Possessive Pronouns - mine, yours, his, hers, its, ours, yours, theirs show that something belongs to someone. That house is mine.
This is yours.
I'm sorry, that's his.
Those books are hers.
Those students are ours.
Look over there, those seats are yours.
Theirs will be green.
* Demonstrative Pronouns - this, that, these, those refer to things. 'this' and 'these' refer to something that is near. 'that' and 'those' refer to things that are farther away.
This is my house.
That is our car over there.
These are my colleagues in this room.
Those are beautiful flowers in the next field.
* Possessive adjectives - my, your, his, her, its, our, your, their are often confused with possessive pronouns. The possessive adjective modifies the noun following it in order to show possession.
I'll get my books.
Is that your car over there?
That is his teacher, Mr Jones.
I want to go to her store.
Its color is red.
Can we bring our children?
You are welcome to invite your husbands
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ÇáÏÑÓ ÇáÓÇÈÚ
.
IN
Use 'in' months and years and periods of time:
* in January
* in 1978
* in the twenties
Use 'in' a period of time in the future:
* in a few weeks
* in a couple of days
AT
Use 'at' with precise time:
* at six o'clock
* at 10.30
* at two p.m.
ON
Use 'on' with days of the week:
* on Monday
* on Fridays
Use 'on' with specific calendar days:
* on Christmas day
* on October 22nd
IMPORTANT NOTES
in the morning / afternoon / evening - at night
We say in the morning, afternoon or evening BUT we say 'at night'
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