* a = indefinite article (not a specific object, one of a number of the same objects) with consonants
She has a dog.
I work in a factory.
* an = indefinite article (not a specific object, one of a number of the same objects) with vowels (a,e,i,o,u)
Can I have an apple?
She is an English teacher.
* the = definite article (a specific object that both the person speaking and the listener know)
The car over there is fast.
The teacher is very good, isn't he?
* The first time you speak of something use "a or an", the next time you repeat that object use "the".
I live in a house. The house is quite old and has four bedrooms.
I ate in a Chinese restaurant. The restaurant was very good.
* DO NOT use an article with countries, states, counties or provinces, lakes and mountains except when the country is a collection of states such as "The United States".
He lives in Washington near Mount Rainier.
They live in northern British Columbia.
* Use an article with bodies of water, oceans and seas -
My country borders on the Pacific Ocean
* DO NOT use an article when you are speaking about things in general
I like Russian tea.
She likes reading books.
* DO NOT use an article when you are speaking about meals, places, and transport
He has breakfast at home.
I go to university.
He comes to work by taxi.
================================================== ===============
'Like' can be used as a verb or as a preposition. There are a number of common questions with 'like' that are easy to confuse.
* What's he like? - 'What like?' is used to ask about a person's or object's character and is general in nature.
* What does he like? - This use of the verb 'like' is for general preferences. 'Like' as a verb is generally followed by the 'ing' form of the verb (I like playing tennis).
* What does she look like? - 'Like' is used as a preposition to express physical appearance. In this case, 'like' can also mean 'similar to' if you are making a comparison to other people.
* What would you like to drink? - Another common use of 'like' is in 'would like' to express wishes. Note that 'would like' is followed by the infinite form of the verb NOT the '-ing' form.
The past form of regular verbs ends in 'ed'. Irregular verbs must be studied individually. Here is a list of past forms of some of the most common irregular verbs.
be - was/were
become - became
begin - began
break - broke
bring - brought
build - built
buy - bought
come - came
cost - cost
cut - cut
do - did
drink - drank
eat - ate
find - found
fly - flew
get - got
give - gave
go - went
have - had
keep - kept
know - knew
leave - left
make - made
meet - met
pay - paid
put - put
read - read
say - said
see - saw
sell - sold
send - sent
speak - spoke
spend - spent
take - took
teach - taught
tell - told
think - thought
There are four types of pronouns: Subject Pronouns, Object Pronouns, Possessive Pronouns and Demonstrative Pronouns. Here is a list and explanation showing the different types of pronouns:
* Subject Pronouns - I, you, he, she, it, we, you, they function as the subject of a sentence:
I live in New York.
Do you like playing tennis?
He doesn't want to come this evening.
She works in London.
It won't be easy.
We are studying pronouns at the moment.
You went to Paris last year, didn't you?
They bought a new car last month.
* Object Pronouns - me, you, him, her, it, us, you, them serve as the object of a verb.
Give me the book.
He told you to come tonight.
She asked him to help.
They visited her when they came to New York.
She bought it at the store.
He picked us up at the airport.
The teacher asked you to finish your homework.
I invited them to a party.
* Possessive Pronouns - mine, yours, his, hers, its, ours, yours, theirs show that something belongs to someone. That house is mine.
This is yours.
I'm sorry, that's his.
Those books are hers.
Those students are ours.
Look over there, those seats are yours.
Theirs will be green.
* Demonstrative Pronouns - this, that, these, those refer to things. 'this' and 'these' refer to something that is near. 'that' and 'those' refer to things that are farther away.
This is my house.
That is our car over there.
These are my colleagues in this room.
Those are beautiful flowers in the next field.
* Possessive adjectives - my, your, his, her, its, our, your, their are often confused with possessive pronouns. The possessive adjective modifies the noun following it in order to show possession.
I'll get my books.
Is that your car over there?
That is his teacher, Mr Jones.
I want to go to her store.
Its color is red.
Can we bring our children?
You are welcome to invite your husbands
When two verbs are used together, the second verb is often in the gerund form (-ing) or the infinitive. There are no specific rules concerning which verbs take which form. Like irregular verbs, you will need to learn which form a verb takes.
Common Verbs + 'ing'
go
enjoy
quit
discuss
mind
can't stand
suggest
Examples:
They go jogging on Saturdays.
I don't mind helping you.
They can't stand driving in traffic jams.
Common Verbs + Infinitive
promise
plan
refuse
want
need
decide
hope
Examples:
I promised to help him.
Alice needs to start that task.
He decided to quit his job.
The future with 'Will' is used in a variety of situations discussing the future. Use the following forms with 'will'. Notice that 'will' or 'won't' is used for ALL subjects.
Positive
Subject + will + base form of verb + object(s)
Negative
Subject + will + not + base form of verb + object(s)
Question
(Question Word) + will + subject + base form of verb?
Used for spontaneous decisions. Spontaneous decisions are decisions made AT the moment of speaking.
Examples
Jack's hungry. I'll make her a sandwich.
That's difficult! I'll help you with the problem.
Used for predictions:
Examples
It will snow tomorrow.
She won't win the game.
Used for scheduled public events
Examples
The concert will begin at 8 o'clock.
When will the train leave?
The class won't start next week.
Used for promises
Examples
Will you marry me?
I'll help you with your homework after class.
Future with 'Going to'
The future with 'going to' is used to speak about future intentions or plans made before the present moment. Use the following forms with 'going to'.
Positive
Subject + to be + going to + base form of verb + object(s)
Negative
Subject + to be + not + going to + base form of verb + object(s)
Question
(Question Word) + to be + subject + going to + base form of verb?
Examples We are going to study French next semester.
Where are you going to stay in France?
She isn't going to take a vacation this year.
Used for planned decisions. Planned decisions are decisions made BEFORE the moment of speaking.
Examples
I'm going to study Languages at university next year.
We're going to stay at the Hilton in New York next week.
Used for predicting an action that you see is about to happen:
Examples
Watch out! You're going to hit that car!
Look at those clouds. It's going to rain.
Used for future intentions:
Examples
I'm going to be a policeman when I grow up.
Katherine is going to study English when she goes to University.
Use the singular form of the verb with uncountable nouns. Use both 'some' and any' with uncountable nouns when speaking about specific objects.
Examples
Do you have any butter?
There is some juice in the bottle.
If you are speaking in general, do not use a modifier.
Examples
Do you drink coca cola?
He doesn't eat meat.
Countable
Use the plural form of the verb with countable nouns. Use both 'some' and 'any' with countable nouns when speaking about specific objects.
Examples
There are some magazines on the table.
Has he got any friends?
If you are speaking in general, use the plural form of the noun.
Examples
They love books by Hemingway.
She doesn't eat apples.
Expressions for Use with Countable and Uncountable Nouns
Use the following expressions with uncountable nouns.
most
much, lots of, a lot of
some
a little, little
Examples
There is lots of interest in the project.
She's got some money left in the bank.
There's little time to finish.
Use the following expressions with countable nouns.
many, lots of, a lot of
several
some
not many, only a few, few
Examples
There are a lot of pictures on the wall.
We have several friends in Chicago.
She bought some envelopes this afternoon.
There are only a few people in the restaurant.
================================================== =======================
That is incredible!
I will never forget this
Such is my belief
# Personal pronouns
*
Subject personal pronouns
#
I, you ,he , she , it , we
I , he , she , it
We
You
She took the bus last night
He is aschool boy .
We are Muslims .
I stayed at home.
You need another blanket.
*
Object personal pronouns
Me ,you , him , her ,it , us
John took it
Umar gave me abook
We sent you a letter.
He adores her.
I saw it with my own eyes.
They have just invited us to their wedding.
We went with him.
That is incredible!
I will never forget this
Such is my belief
# Personal pronouns
*
Subject personal pronouns
#
I, you ,he , she , it , we
I , he , she , it
We
You
She took the bus last night
He is aschool boy .
We are Muslims .
I stayed at home.
You need another blanket.
*
Object personal pronouns
Me ,you , him , her ,it , us
John took it
Umar gave me abook
We sent you a letter.
He adores her.
I saw it with my own eyes.
They have just invited us to their wedding.
We went with him.
I don't have much knowledge on the subject, Professor.
(abstract N)
#
Proper & common Nouns : Proper N
. . ( ) .
Examples/
Nora
Ramadan
Friday
Islam
First World War
.
#
Common Noun . .
Examples/
This woman is my sister .
.
This is my leader .
.
# :
Plural & singular forms
S es
:
Friend
Friends
S
:
X , O , S , Sh , Ch , Z
Es
:
Box >>>>>>>>>>>>Boxes
Wash >>>>>>>>>>>>>washes
Buzz>>>>>>>>>>>>buzzes
Class>>>>>>>>>>>>classes
S/es
Man >>>>>>>>men
Child >>>>>>>>children
Mouse>>>>>>>>>mice
Foot>>>>>>>>>feet
Goose >>>>>>>>>geese
Tooth >>>>>>>>>>teeth
Ox>>>>>>>>>>oxen
Woman>>>>>>>>women
louse>>>>>>>>>lice %
Y
(
(I , o , u , e , a
.
kfncc000
:
