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  1. #21
    Status

      SSF


    06 2009
    Riyadh
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  2. #22
    Status

      SSF


    06 2009
    Riyadh
    2,765

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  3. #23
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    08 2008
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  4. #24
    Status

      SSF


    06 2009
    Riyadh
    2,765

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  5. #25
    Status

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    06 2009
    Riyadh
    2,765

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  6. #26
    Status

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    06 2009
    Riyadh
    2,765

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  7. #27
    Status


    09 2009
    49

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  8. #28
    Status

      SSF


    06 2009
    Riyadh
    2,765

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  9. #29
    Status


    07 2010
    39
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  10. #30
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    06 2003
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  11. #31
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    08 2008
    24,219

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  12. #32
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    08 2008
    24,219

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  13. #33
    Status




    08 2008
    24,219

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  14. #34
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    08 2008
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  15. #35
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    08 2008
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  16. #36
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    08 2008
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  17. #37
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    08 2008
    24,219
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  18. #38
    Status




    08 2008
    24,219

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    dysphagia swallowing disorder
    , , gastric outlet obstruction - - 10 , .




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    [LIST][*]
    oral phase .
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    oral preparatory phase: , bolus hard palate taste, temperature, touch, proprioception consistency .
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    oral transit phase: , trigger , , , .
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    pharyngeal phase: , anterior faucial arch velum, velopharyngeal , cricopharyngeal sphincter, , cricopharyngeal .
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    esophageal phase: the myenteric plexus, peristaltic wave - - , esophageal-gastric sphincter , , soft palate, faucial arches, , , reticular system the facial - VII, glossopharyngeal - IX, vagus - X trigeminal - V, facial - VII, glossopharyngeal - IX, , hypoglossal - XII , nucleus ambiguus , , .
    [/LIST]





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    , , .
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    aspiration inhalation .
    [*]
    .
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    .
    [/LIST]
    :
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    superior pharynx nasopharyngeal reflux uvulectomy.
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    palatopharyngeal hyoid bone .
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    pharyngeal constrictor sinus, .
    [*]
    , , , .
    [/LIST]
    :
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    achalasia .
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    Zenker diverticulum .
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    ( hilar lymph (nodes ( ) .
    [/LIST]


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    Myasthenia gravis.
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    muscular dystrophies, spinal muscular atrophy, poliomyelitis, polymyositis, dermatomyositis.
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    antipsychotics lipid-lowering agents colchicines.
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    , , , , , , .
    [*]
    , , .
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    diffuse esophageal spasms, (achalasia (megaesophagus, gastroesophageal reflux (disease (GE            , radiation esophagitis, .
    [/LIST]

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    [*]
    .
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    [*]
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    hypopharynx.
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    drooling.
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    gag reflex .
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    nasal regurgitation.
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    , , , , , , , , botulinum toxin 3 , .
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    :
    silent aspiration :
    [LIST][*]
    (videofluoroscopic swallowing study (VFSS different consistency , .
    [*]
    fiberoptic endoscopic evaluation of swallowing (FEES): , laryngopharynx hypopharynx.
    [*]
    diverticula .
    [*]
    : , laryngeal/hyoid elevation.
    [*]
    (electromyography (EMG: , .
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    scintigraphy: , .
    [*]
    .
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    manometric fluoroscopy: .
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    cervical auscultation: .
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    [*]
    , .
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    [LIST][*]
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    , , , :
    [LIST][*]
    , , .
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    , ( , , ), ( , ) , ( , , ) ( , ) ( , , ) ( , , ) .
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    epiglottic angles, , , , , .
    [*]
    , , , , , , , .
    [*]
    ( ) , , diltiazem nutcracker esophagus, , achalasia.
    [*]
    , , , .
    [*]
    nonoral feedings, , , Nasogastric (NG) tubes
    [/LIST][/LIST]
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  19. #39
    Status


    08 2010
    ....!
    2,040

    : * ......!

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  20. #40
    Status


    08 2010
    ....!
    2,040

    Wink : * ......!

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