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aspiration inhalation .
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superior pharynx nasopharyngeal reflux uvulectomy.
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palatopharyngeal hyoid bone .
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achalasia .
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Myasthenia gravis.
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muscular dystrophies, spinal muscular atrophy, poliomyelitis, polymyositis, dermatomyositis.
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antipsychotics lipid-lowering agents colchicines.
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diffuse esophageal spasms, (achalasia (megaesophagus, gastroesophageal reflux (disease (GE, radiation esophagitis, .
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hypopharynx.
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drooling.
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gag reflex .
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nasal regurgitation.
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nitrates, anticholinergic agents, , calcium channel blockers, , , , olanzapine, . [*]
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silent aspiration :
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(videofluoroscopic swallowing study (VFSS different consistency , .
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fiberoptic endoscopic evaluation of swallowing (FEES): , laryngopharynx hypopharynx.
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diverticula .
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( ) , , diltiazem nutcracker esophagus, , achalasia.
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nonoral feedings, , , Nasogastric (NG) tubes
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