قاعدة If
قاعدة If لها ثلاث حالات ..
الحالة الأولى:
If + Present Simple, will + infinitive.
Ex. If he studies hard, he will succeed.
- تستخدم لحدث مطابق للواقع, أي أن الشخص يذاكر بالفعل, و لكي نربط مذاكرته في الحاضر بالنتيجة في المستقبل نستخدم الحالة الأولى.
الحالة الثانية:
If + Past Simple, would + infinitive.
Ex. If he studied hard, he would succeed.
- تستخدم للتعبير عن إفتراض في الحاضر, أي أن الشخص لا يذاكر في الحاضر و لكننا نفترض أنه إن يذاكر في الحاضر, سوف ينجح.
الحالة الثالثة:
If + Past Perfect, would have + P.P.
Ex. If he had studied hard, he would have succeeded.
- تستخدم للتعبير عن إفتراض في الماضي, أي أن الشخص لم يذاكر في الماضي و أنه رسب. بمعنى أنه لو كان قد ذاكر لكان قد نجح.
Exercise
1- He studies hard. He will succeed. (Join)
If he studies hard, he will succeed.
2- Factories close. Many people lose their jobs. (Join using: If)
If factories didn’t close, many people wouldn’t lose their jobs.
3- Facories closed. Many people lost their jobs. (Join using: If)
If factories hadn’t closed, many people wouldn’t have lost their jobs.
ملاحظات: في الحالات الثانية و الثالثة نفترض عكس الواقع.
Conditional Clauses
* Formation : The three principal sentence patterns using ( if ) or ( unless ) are :
- If ( Present simple ),…will / shall + infinitive.
- If ( Past simple ),…would + infinitive.
- If ( Past perfect ),…would + have + P.P.
N.B. - If the if-clause is in the present simple, the result clause will also be in the
present simple, provided that the sentence is expressing a fact.
- For unlikely or improbable conditions, use ( were ) instead of (was).
- Sometimes conditions are expressed by inversion with the use of
( Were / Had / Should ) + Subject…
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Examples
1-If you invite her, she ( come ).
*If you invite her, she will come.
2-If it remained fine, we ( go ) for a swim.
*If it remained fine, we would go for a swim.
3-Unless you guide me, I ( be ) quite at a loss.
*Unless you guide me, I will be quite at a loss.
4-If I ( be ) you, I wouldn’t apologize.
*If I were you, I wouldn’t apologize.
5-Were I rich, I ( buy ) an aeroplane.
*Were I rich, I would buy an aeroplane.
6-Should they arrive late, it ( be ) difficult to find them room.
*Should they arrive late, it would be difficult to find them room.
7-Had I studied harder, I ( pass ) the test.
*Had I studied harder, I would have passed the test.
8-If metals are heated, they ( expand ).
*If metals are heated, they expand.
9-I would be pleased if you ( come ).
*I would be pleased if you came.
10-If I had met him, I ( tell ) him the truth.
*If I had met him, I would have told him the truth.
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